Onu Honors Program Application Essay Sample

Onu Honors Program Application Essay SampleDid you know that there is an Onu Honors Program Application Essay Sample on the internet? It sure would be a good idea to look for it, and that is precisely what you need to do in order to understand how easy the essays are and how simple the application form is.While the honors program is just as difficult as any other college or university admission process, it is not as hard or complicated as many people make it out to be. However, being able to prepare for the application is going to be crucial. If you are a good candidate for an honors college, you will have to prepare a well written but eloquent application that is designed to catch the attention of the admissions committee.The Onu Honors Program Application Essay Sample on the internet will walk you through the entire process step by step and give you several tips that you can use when you are writing your own essay. You will be taught the proper format for your essay and you will al so learn about the key components that will determine whether your essay is going to get approved or if it will get tossed.To become an honor student at any college or university you must be able to write essays that are persuasive and to the point. It is going to take practice to learn how to create a cogent argument that will convince your admissions committee to give you the chance to attend their school. You will also learn how to speak with authority and to be as detailed as possible so that you can tell the admissions committee everything that they need to know about you.Many schools and universities consider the average student to be an honors student because most of them are academically inclined to a certain extent. This means that if you are just a typical student who does not excel in academics and are not a very social person, you might be a little bit better off attending a community college or an elementary school. If you are already an honors student, then you will be considered to be one of the best students in your field and therefore, you will be in the running for the best students in the school and will be considered for the right college that you want to attend. It may not be as easy as applying for an average college, but once you have gotten in, you will see that it is certainly not impossible. Once you understand how the process works, you will see that you will never have a problem making it to the college of your choice.The Onu Honors Program Application Essay Sample will give you ideas about how to properly structure your essay. It will also tell you how to properly organize your essay so that it does not appear messy and will look like it was done quickly.Once you learn how to properly write an essay, you will have the confidence to write the most powerful overall essay that you can possibly write. Because of this, it will help if you use the information from the Onu Honors Program Application Essay Sample.

What You Need to Do About The Artist Is Present Essay Topics Beginning in the Next Three Minutes

<h1> What You Need to Do About The Artist Is Present Essay Topics Beginning in the Next Three Minutes </h1> <h2> The Secret to the Artist Is Present Essay Topics </h2> <p>Besides the superiority provided to the word, the craftsman utilizes geometric examples all through the site page. It is something that catches the eye. It has a ton of sorts, and without a doubt you would be wise to pick a specific craftsmanship field as opposed to compose a paper that for the most part talks about workmanship. It has some functional purposes. </p> <h2>the Artist Is Present Essay Topics - the Conspiracy </h2> <p>You can likewise endeavor investigating inquisitive and disputable aspects of a subject. Workmanship has been a piece of our life for such a long time as humankind has existed. The meaning of craftsmanship is in the perspective on the onlooker. At times For hundreds of years, entertainers have performed acts that are seen to be unimagina ble, prompting the watcher to scrutinize the strategy by which the demonstration was performed. </p> <p>To get a legitimate, intelligent paper structure, it's essential to deliver a framework. The Arabic words are unquestionably the most significant aesthetic portrayal of the website page. Geometric shapes are found in types of the painted figures as well. </p> <h2> The Most Popular Artist Is Present Essay Topics</h2> <p>College application article points are a significant segment of an engaging and convincing piece of composing. With this sort of exact data in regards to the scoring of your test it ought not be hard to prepare for it. The PTE Academic test is likewise the most economical trial of English in the business. </p> <p>Art is a fairly intricate subject and has a lot of themes you could pick for a prosperous exposition. These workmanship exposition themes aren't excessively simple. In the event that you need great conversations alongside workmanship, you're free to prepare your argumentation capacities. </p> <p>Always contemplate the best approach to make an incredible exposition structure it's a huge part scholarly composition. So right away, underneath are some successful composing tips to deliver your normal application article stick out! The following chief advance is arrangement. The framework is the chief segment of an exposition. </p> <h2>The Fundamentals of the Artist Is Present Essay Topics Revealed </h2> <p>The specialist persistent correspondence, clinical treatment, and network based wellbeing advancement and thought will be talked about. Looking at a superior understanding of promoting for a correspondence model has prompted some interesting examination. The reaction could be People incline toward quick nourishments as they're reasonable. </p> <p>Imagine that you're liable for a distribution center, in an organization in where they store merchandise like apples, and you're responsible for all exercises that happen in the stockroom every day. For example, the U.S. government has run many notices about the essentialness of catastrophe readiness. At the point when it respects the stylish value, the general open may likewise confront issues with distinguishing proof. Its motivation may likewise be apparently nonexistent. </p> <h2>Top the Artist Is Present Essay Topics Secrets </h2> <p>Strictly, there isn't any one right way to deal with start an article. For the absolute first time ever, every locale of the planet currently communicated with different people. You may have the option to secure satellite photographs of the house and its neighborhood. You've gone to the correct spot! </p> <p>You can choose any of the proposed subjects to make an interesting school introduction. To make an exceptional article, it's basic to utilize explicit scholarly language. To exhibit the capacity to be attentive, the understudy should choose an incredible subject. Most understudies tend to pick simple article points by discussing themselves, doing their absolute best to communicate their exceptional characteristics and attempting to stand out from the rest of the pack. </p> <p>Lets start in helping you to get recommendations for your undertaking. Numerous individuals imagine that the expressive arts are elitist. With each new year comes progressively more forceful and provocative music than the earlier schedule year. You may likewise need to show up at a couple of the recordings on YouTube where vagrants and ladies portray their lives. </p>

Salute Veterans Day with These 25 Patriotic Quotes

Look back in history to read the names of our famous veterans. Their selfless sacrifice paved the way for our continued freedom. Our children can gain inspiration by reading about the sacrifices of our honorable veterans. Let us sow the seeds of equality and unity in the minds of our children and teach them to cherish their freedom. Let us also teach them the merits of voluntary service and sacrifice. No sacrifice is too small for acknowledgment, and nobody is greater than a patriot. In these famous Veterans Day quotes, noble men and women of the world have saluted to the spirit of patriotism. Mark TwainAnyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.Otto Von BismarkThe most persistent sound which reverberates through mens history is the beating of war drums.Arthur KoestlerBut the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, Is their monument to-day, and for aye.General DouglasWe are not retreating -- we are advancing in another direction.Napoleon BonaparteValor is a gift. Those having it never know for sure whether they have it till the test comes. And those having it in one test never know for sure if they will have it when the next test comes.Ronald ReaganSome people live an entire lifetime and wonder if they have ever made a difference in the world, but the Marines dont have that problem.Benjamin FranklinNever has there been a good war or a bad peace.G. K. ChestertonCourage is almost a contradiction in terms. It means a strong desire to live taking the form of readiness to die.Commodore Oliver Hazard PerryWe have met the enemy and they are ours!Adapted from Henry G. BohnA soldier is he whose blood makes the glory of the general.Ernest Miller HemmingwayOnce we have a war there is only one thing to do. It must be won. For defeat brings worse things than any that can ever happen in war.Charles Edward MontagueThe number of medals on an officers breast varies in inverse proportion to the square of the distance of his duties from the front line.George OrwellPeople sleep peaceably in their beds at night only because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf.Ferdinand FochHard pressed on my right. My center is yielding. Impossible to maneuver. Situation excellent. I am attacking.Allen WestAs a 22-year Army Veteran who served in Operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom, and as a Civilian Advisor to the Afghan Army in Operation Enduring Freedom, I understand both the gravity of giving the order, and the challenge of carrying it out.Elmer DavisTh is will remain the land of the free only so long as it is the home of the brave.Dick CheneyIt is easy to take liberty for granted, when you have never had it taken from you.Alexander the GreatI do not fear an army of lions, if they are led by a lamb.I do fear an army of sheep, if they are led by a lion.Tao-te ChingHe who knows others is wise. He who knows himself is enlightened. He who conquers others has physical strength. He who conquers himself is strong.Rudyard KiplingWhen youre wounded out on Afghanistans plainsAnd the women come out to cut up what remains,Then just roll to your rifle and blow out your brainsAnd die like a good British soldier!Giulio DouhetYoull be scared! Sure youll be scared. Who wouldnt fear having their head completely blown off.Sir Philip SydneyA brave captain is as a root, out of which, as branches, the courage of his soldiers doth spring.Richard Gabriel, No More HeroesNations customary measure the cost of war in dollars, lost production, or the number of soldiers killed or wounded. Rarely do military establishments attempt to measure the cost of war in terms of individual human suffering. Psychiatric breakdown remains one of the costly items of war.Karl von ClausewitzWar should never be thought of as something autonomous, but always as an instrument of policy.ThemistoclesHe who has command of the sea has command of everything.

Free Narrative Essay Samples That Can Help You Write Your Own Novel

<h1>Free Narrative Essay Samples That Can Help You Write Your Own Novel</h1><p>Looking with the expectation of complimentary account article tests that you can use to make your own original copy? Try not to stress! These example articles are genuinely worth your time.</p><p></p><p>If you have not known about the idea, a paper is fundamentally an exposition, however it's a free one. I am demonstrating how I used to get by simply composing expositions for others. In the event that you are eager to give it a shot, these free story paper tests will help you massively. The free ones do have a few constraints, yet they offer a lot of learning.</p><p></p><p>They come in two assortments: the free examples that have been expertly composed by individuals. These offer a smart thought of what composing can resemble. At that point there are the example papers accessible on the web. These are likewise awesome, yet again they can be restricted in light of the fact that you're just going to see the expert author. So before you bounce into them, set aside the effort to find out about what they are offering.</p><p></p><p>There are free examples online that are offered by individuals who are keen on making their own novel. A significant number of these journalists compose these examples dependent on what they know. They are distributed for the express reason for educating others. There are a few examples you can just find in magazines and different spots. In case you're searching for them, make certain to approach them for authorization first.</p><p></p><p>One thing you should think about these sorts of articles is that they are a significant piece of the new scholarly structure. By distributing these free examples, journalists are setting aside the effort to gain proficiency with everything they can about how to compose a story. These examples additionally permit per users to perceive what a cleaned draft resembles. These example pieces will be significant when you attempt to pitch your own project.</p><p></p><p>Online assets, for example, Dramatica.com have made it workable for journalists to have a go at composing test expositions for nothing. Too, some expert journalists offer instances of test articles. These examples can be utilized as a reason for composing your own, too. You can likewise look for exhortation from perusers on what you think would work best.</p><p></p><p>With a little research, you'll have the option to discover a large number of free accounts. The more you look, the more you'll discover. Finding an essayist who has the opportunity to compose free examples is a great thing.</p>

Hot Essay Topics For Law Schools

Hot Essay Topics For Law SchoolsIf you are a struggling student with high expectations, then you probably have some ideas of hot essay topics. Some students are looking for ways to make the class seem easier to them. It is no secret that students need a reason to put forth their best effort in class.A hot topic can not only make the class seem easier, but it can also make the professor work harder to provide examples for a given essay. Even though there is no requirement to give examples in a certain course, it is something that you will want to offer in order to make the teacher to see that you have what it takes to make it as a lawyer.One of the best ways to turn a class into a hot topic is to go in with a strong presentation and an interest in the topic, but that doesn't mean that you cannot be civil to the professor and follow the course at a high level. You may also want to bring in a co-worker who has a different skill set from the one that you have.It is always good to include ideas of hot topic in your presentation. They are not allowed to go into specifics about the topic that you are trying to drive home, but you do want to go into the bigger picture of the topics. You want to make sure that you know how the topic will affect others as well as you and they should give you ideas about what they think it is going to effect.Something that the professor will be more likely to look at is if you have good ideas on hot topic. If the topic that you are trying to cover does not apply to you, chances are that the professor will be more likely to point it out to you and make it more of a problem for you. You have to make sure that you have good idea ideas when you are in a hot topic course.In order to make the essay topics successful, youwill need to write a killer idea. Your originality is going to count for a lot when it comes to giving them the right focus on the information and it is also important that you are able to compose the essay in a format that make s it easy for the professor to look over. You should always take your time to choose the correct format for the course.The assignment and essay topics for a degree program are going to be closely scrutinized by professors. They are going to be looking for a high standard from their students and you need to be able to meet those standards as well. You do not want to have any problems during your time in the class.Most students find that it is a major hit when they turn in assignments on time and when they get them done in a timely manner. When it comes to assignments, try to make sure that you deliver what you promise and as well as you can in order to make it into the top two essays.

Writing an Essay With a Chinese Fountain Pen?

Writing an Essay With a Chinese Fountain Pen?You can find a great variety of Japanese essay samples available in the internet. There are many types of samples in order to help you write your essay from all possible angles. But if you're serious about writing an essay, you'll need to learn the true benefits of these samples.Of course, one main reason is that you can get all the information at your fingertips. If you want to write a creative essay with a unique theme, you can do it easily online. Plus, you have the opportunity to really learn about Japanese writing styles without spending too much time and money on taking classes.In addition, there are various essay writing samples that have a very short answer. You can simply cut and paste them into your essay and then adjust the answers accordingly. You don't have to worry about guessing whether your essay is perfect because the answer will be automatically provided to you. Moreover, if you're having a difficult time coming up with a perfect answer, all you have to do is to find a sample with a short answer.Japanese essay samples are also very good when you're writing a statement about an important event. Sometimes, students struggle to come up with memorable words that can be quoted at the end of their essay. If you're not sure where to start or how to phrase the appropriate sentence, a good solution is to use a sample that already contains the words you need.One of the best things about Japanese essay samples is that they give you a good grasp of grammar. If you've taken English classes, you've probably learned that most sentences are constructed in this way: noun, verb, and subject. If you know the basic structure of a sentence, you'll know how to compose your own essay without needing to worry about grammar.Additionally, there are plenty of free samples that come with the software that you use for your Japanese essay samples. These samples can help you develop your own writing style and also help you learn the right way to write a proper sentence. Therefore, you can really put your imagination into your essay writing and not worry about having to change it later if you were wrong.In conclusion, Japanese essay samples are an excellent source of information about writing an essay. You'll learn how to compose your own essay quickly, making it much easier for you to write an outstanding essay. And even if you want to focus on your unique topic, you'll get a lot of practice from using these samples.

Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil Free Essays

[pic] INTRODUCTION ABOUT PENNAR INDUSTRIES LIMITED Pennar industries limited are a multi-product, multi-location enterprise. The company manufactures six different products. †¢ Cold rolled steel strips †¢ Cold rolled form sections †¢ Engineering components †¢ Road safety systems †¢ Precision tubes †¢ Fabrication Pennar industries has received the ISO 9001,2000 quality certification from RWTUV of Germany and committed to achieving excellence in the quality of product. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil or any similar topic only for you Order Now The CRSS division, with its units at Patancheru, Isnapur and Chennai has combined annual cold rolling capacity of 1,20,000 Metric Tons. Pennar manufactures Steel Strips from 600mm to 750mm width and thickness range of 0. 25 to 5. 00mm both in coil and sheet form. Pennar caters to a wide range of customers from various sectors like: †¢ Automobiles †¢ Wide goods †¢ Domestic appliances †¢ Bearings †¢ General engineering industries FACILITIES: †¢ Quality control measures at every stage of the manyfacturing process, right from the selection of raw material to chemical analysis using spectrometer. †¢ Semi-continuous push-pell type pickling lines feed the rolling mill with scale free,iled and bright HR coils. †¢ PLC-Controlled MECON WEAN UNITED 4-HI Rolling Mill. Bell type annealing furnaces for heat treating of cold rolled steel strip †¢ Skin pass mills. CR Slitting lines and Cut to length lines. †¢ Every process is closely monitored and end products are subjected to a battery of tests to determine Hardness, Tensile strength, Yield strength,% of Elongation, cupping test and Bend test in order to meet stringent customer specification. †¢ Finished products are carefully packed, using polythene and gunny for coils and poly craft and wooden/steel pallets for sheets to provide total protection to the products during transit and handling. Pennar Industries group is well known for fulfilling their commitments. Many times they have been awarded and rewarded. [pic] PROCESS FLOW CHART (COLD ROLLED CLOSE ANNEALED STEEL STRIP) [pic][pic] RAW MATERIAL AND SOURCES The raw material for production of CRSS is ‘Hot Rolled Steel coils’ and these HR coils are produced by using â€Å"primary roughing mills† which is a 2-HI reversing mill with a 0. 6 to 1. 4 mm diameter rolls. The main purpose of the mill is to reduce casting ingots into blooms. The work piece has to be pass 10-20 times between the rolls, to have a desired width, the work piece is made to pass through â€Å"edge grooves†. HR colis are also produced in ‘Universal Mills’ without edge grooves. These coils are mainly low carbon steels which are either ‘Si’ or ‘Al’ killed. Specifications: Range 1. width 1350-1800 mm 2. Thickness 5-6 mm Ultimate Tensile strength 80 kg /mm2 Yield strength 40 kg/mm These Hot rolled coils are exported from many places like JINDAL STEEL WORKS (Karnataka), LLOYD STEELS LTD (Maharashtra), ESSAR STEELS LTD (Gujarat), ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD (Maharashtra), SAIL etc.. There will be a sticker present on every HR coil and it will be as follows†¦ ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD DIST-RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA Heat Number : 08201137 Coil Number : 0820113706/0 Grade/Specification : WG29AC Batch Number : 0001063785 Invoice Number : 2180040447 Invoice Date : 07. 05. 08 Net Weight : 23. 700MT / 52258. 501lbs Size : 1250. 00mm x 4. 00mm x mm Customer :Pennar Industries Limited Purchase Order No : 0021047514 A sample of these HR coils is taken and it is sent to spectroscopy lab for chemical analysis. SPECTROSCOPY Chemical analysis: Chemical composition of steels is checked by means of SPECTRO. Generally C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, Sn, B, and N are analyzed. Test procedure for spector is as below. Preparation of sample: ? The sample must be free from slag inclusions, rust, grease, oil, fracture, voids. ? The sample must be handy for polishing. ? The dimension of the sample must be fit on the spark stand. ? The sample must be flat (to get completely seated on the spark stand). The sample is prepared on the abrasive disc grinder by using suitable abrasives having 60 grade coarseness. Method of Testing: The spectro lab is switched on half-n-hour before sparking for warming up. The spark stand is flushed with grade-I argon for few seconds before sparking. Before sparking the unknown, the primary standard/internal standards are sparked and results are compared. If the resul ts found to be ok sparking of the unknown sample is carried out by keeping the prepared unknown samples on spark stand in inverted position and is clamped and sparking is carried out. If the results are found not ok, the spectro lab is standardized with setting up samples (RE12, RE13, RE14, 5 SUS 5) supplied along with spectro lab. |[pic] | Each sample is sparked for minimum 2 times and the average results are recorded and print is taken out and the composition is known. These HR coils are sent to HR slitters.. HR SLITTERS Hot rolled coils are slitted as desired to provide material for cold-rolling. For slitting of HRSI in 1350 mm whereas HRSII is 1800 mm. he different parameters the coils,two slitters HRSI and HRSII are in use. The maximum slitting width are: Coil parameter input coil output coil Coil I. D500mm (or) 880mm 500 mm Coil O. D 1800 mm 1370(max) Coil weight 30 Tons(max) 10 tons(max) Strip thickness 5 mm – 8 mm 5 mm – 8 mm Width 1500 mm(max) 1500 mm(max) Line speed:250m/min. | |HOT ROLLED SLITTER | |[pic] | | | PICKLING Immersion of a metal component in a solution which is preferentially remove oxides and mill scales, with little effect upon the underlying metal. Solutions are usually acids or alkalies, often with addition of an inhibitors to minimize attack on the underlying metal. Typical solutions for plain carbon steels are: 5% HCl + 0. 05% Galvene at 15-500 C PROCESS: The aim of pickling is to remove the oxidation scales rust formed during hot rolling. Initially the HR slitted coil strip is passed through three tanks called the ACID TANKS or PROCESS TANKS (Tanks 1, 2 3) in which the commercial HCL (Hydro Chloric Acid) acid is present with maximum concentration of 20%. In this pickling all the rust and scales on the sheet are removed. Once the sheet is passed through acid tanks it is then passed through rinse water tanks 1, 2 and 3. This is done so because after the coil is passed through the acid tanks the acid will be present on the coil/sheet. When we clean with soft water then it becomes safe for the operator. Once the coil/sheet is rinsed there are chances of getting corroded again that are why water is drained away from the coil/sheet by hot air drier and finally applied emulsion (Castrol) oil on the coil to prevent corrosion. The specifications of acid tanks 1, 2 and 3 are listed below: Acid Tank -1 Acid concentration : 2-7% % Iron content : 22max Temperature : 55-70oC Acid Tank-2 Acid concentration : 6-12% % Iron content : 22max Temperature : 50-65oC Acid Tank-3 Acid concentration : 9-16% Iron content : 20max Temperature : 45-60oC Types of pickling equipment: †¢ Cage picklers †¢ Push pull picklers †¢ Semi-continuous pickle lines †¢ Shallow picklers †¢ Turbulent pickling †¢ Spiral pickling. In pennar industries, we use semi-continuous pickling . [pic] The main reactions which take place during pickling are: Fe0+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2O Fe+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2 Care should be taken during pickling to pre vent the pitting, small holes and formation of spots on the coil due to over pickling will reduce the thickness of the sheet. When the pickling process is going on, by titration process we have to check he percentage of acid and iron in the tanks. TITRATION PROCESS: Titration process is carried out to know the percentage of iron and acid content in the tanks. This is because if the iron content exceeds the permissible level(20% Fe Content) in acid tank, then acid is to be taken off and new acid is added in the tanks to carry out pickling. Take 20ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Add 0. 2ml of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to it. Then add few drops of acid indicator named Bromophenol blue AR with chemical formula C19H10O5SBr4 to obtain yellow coloured solution. Take Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in a burette and note down the initial reading. Start titrating with NaOH solution till brown coloured solution (i. e. end-point) is obtained. Note down the final reading. The difference of the final and the initial reading is determined. From the table, the corresponding percentage of acid is noted down. Then add few drops of Orthophosphoric acid to neutralize the solution. Add few drops of iron indicator named Barium Diphenylamine Sulphonate GR with chemical formula C24H20BaN2O6S2 to obtain yellow colured solution. Take Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in a burette and note the initial reading. Start titrating with K2Cr2O7 solution till brown coloured solution (i. . end-point) is reached. Note down the final reading. The difference of the final and the initial readings is determined. From the table, the corresponding percentage of iron is noted down. OBSERVATIONS: 1. Titration with NaOH: Initial Reading : 25. 2 Final Reading : 26. 9 Difference : 1. 7 From the table, 3. 06% of acid. 2. Titration with K2Cr2O7: Initial Reading : 22. 9 Final Reading : 29. 0 Difference : 6. 1 From the table, 17. 08% of iron content. NOTE: After pickling recoilng is carried out with tension and apply the emulsion oil to prevent corrosion. These pickled coils are processed to next stage i. e. , cold rolling. COLD ROLLING COLD ROLLING is the process where the material is deformed plastically by passing it between rolls below recrystallisation temperature. In pennar industries cold rolling is done by 4HI Reversible Cold Rolling Mill. The name itself indicates that it is a reversible mill i. e. the rollers can rotate in forward as well as in reverse directions. In 4 HI Rolling mill, there are four rollers, of which two are back-up rolls and another two are work rolls. The load is fed to the back-up rolls and the sheet is passed through the work rolls. The back-up rolls act as the driving rolls and the work rolls as driven rolls. The direction of driving and driven rolls is opposite to each other. [pic] 4 HI-COLD REVERSING MILL PROCESS: Pickled coils are reduced to final gauge at the 4HI mill by forward and reverse rolling with load applied on the work rolls through the SCREWDOWN MECHANISM. The coils are placed on the coil car by an EOT crane. The coil car is moved towards the mandrel to load it. After loading on the mandrel the coil is fed into the work roils through the pay off reel to the delivery tension mandrel (DTR). From DTR the coil is passed through rolls to Entry Tension Reel (ETR). The coil is reduced in each pass according to the required thickness. Most care is taken during rolling to maintain required tension and speed such that the possibilities of rolling defects are minimum. The pass from the pay-off to DTR is known as the first pass and for the second pass the coil is sent from DTR to ETR. The number of passes depends on gauge reduction / final requirement. The diameters of the back-up rolls are 610mm and the work rolls are of 225mm. The barrel lengths of the rolls are 700mm and 768mm. There is a gear box present for the screw down load. There are primary and secondary motors. The ratio of primary motor is of 1:16 and that of secondary motor is 1:32. The pitch of the screw down screw is 8mm and diameter is 180mm. At the weld portion the mill is slow down and the number wraps at which weld passed the roll bite is noted down the direction of rolling reversed. The tail end is clamped to the entry tension reel . tension and load are applied and level is checked. Guage is checked by the help of non contact guage and the mill is operated at higher speeds. The operation is repeated till the doil is finished to the final guage. Final pass reduction is maintained low i. e. , 8%-16%. To maintain shape coil is wounded on low tension. Final pass thickness is checked at operating and drive sides and it is maintained throughout the strip by adjusting load and tension after the rolling operation is over the coil end lap is wound,and bonded and transferred to the skid. TECHNICAL DATA ON ROLLING: MILL MANUFACTURES: Latest computer controlled MECON WEAN UNITED 4 HI cold reversing Mill GRADES : Mild steel[DDDEDDEDDSMEDIUM] SPECIFICATIONS : IS 513, IS 4397,IS 4030 STRIPSHEET WIDTH : 25 mm to 630 mm THICKNESS : 0. 25 mm to 6. 00 mm SURFACE FINSH : Bright, Fine Matt, Matt, Rough. BACK UP ROLL DIA : 610 mm to 567 mm WORK ROLLS DIA : 225 mm WORK ROLL LENGTH : 700 mm After cold rolling process, the grains are enlarged the coil becomes very hard due to work hardening and internal stresses that are developed in the material. In order to restore ductility and relieve internal stresses of the material ANNEALING has to be done. ANNEALING Annealing is the process of heat treatment by which the metal very ductile. It is also used to homogenize the material, composition by diffusion and it relieves the residual stresses which are arising from cold working. It also results in grain refinement by recrystallisation process. The temperature to which the metal is subjected and the time for which the temperature is maintained depends upon the parent metal and the particular properties that are desired on the final stage. In pennar industries annealing is generally carried out for following reasons:- ? To obtain softness. ? To increase or restore ductility. ? To relieve internal stresses. ? To refine grain structure. To homogenize the mechanical properties. In Pennar Industries SUB CRITICAL ANNEALING is carried out (below recrystallisation temperature). SUB CRITICAL ANNEALING Is a method of annealing while include heating of metal to the metal below the lower critical temperature. I. e. below 737C. Soaking for some time and cooling at a very slow rate in the furnace it self. ANNEALING PROCEDURE: Gener ally, Annealing is carried out in bell type furnaces or Electric arc furnaces which uses diesel and LPG as a fuel and temperature will be regulated by the fuel supply to undergo annealing process. BELL TYPE FURNACE [pic] TECHNICAL DATA: FURNACE : Apex and allied COIL DETAILS : OD 1200 -1700 ID 400 OR 500 CHARGE WEIGHTS : 30000 TO 40000 CHARGE HEIGHT : 2650 MM (MAX) FURNACE TEMP : 960 (MAX) FLOW METER FOR NITROGEN GAS: TEMPERATURE :86 0 C(MAX) PRESSURE : 1 PSI (MAX) The different stages in annealing process are as follows: Charging: The coils are stacked on the base in such a way that coils with decreasing diameter will be arranged from bottom to top. The coil should be stacked with centers of the coils and axis. If furnace stacking should be absolutely concentric so that uniform gap is obtained between the coils and inner cover. The intermediate concentricity should be provided between all the coils to ensure good circulation. Purging: The inner hood shall be brought on to the charge and fixed to the base. The protective gas flow starts at a rate of 15 Nm3/ hour and maintained for about 45 min, so that the initial air in the hood is fully replaced by the protective gas. This process is called as purging process. Heating: After the charging space has been filled with HYDROGEN and NITROGEN and flow rate of around 15m/hr, the heating can be commenced. All the settings and attachments needed to start the furnace are finished. The rate of heating depends upon the charge weight, % of reduction and carbon equalent. Generally heating rate is 40c/hour upto 520c and 30c/hour from above 520c. In PENNAR INDUSTRIES fired furnaces are used for heating. When the temperature at the thermocouple reaches the set point the fuel supply will be regulated periodically. Soaking: Maintaining the specific temperature of charge for required hours , is known as soaking. In the process the charge coil are soaked for some hours depending upon the different qualities of coils, under the required temperature. When the soaking is over, an audio alarm is given and the furnace is automatically disconnected by the central controls. The annealing cycle comes on end. Cooling: The furnace is removed from the base and cooling hood is brought on the base to expand the cooling process. The cooling hood is removed when the charge temperature reaches about 90c. At 90c the charge is ready for loading. After cooling, the coils are discharged from the base and are placed for air cooling. The coils are cooled completely for room temperature in 2 to 3 hrs, after which they are processed further. PSL consists of 33 bases, 14 furnaces and 16 cooling hoods in annealing yard. The loading capabilities of different bases are given. Bases capacity(tons) 22. 15-20 33. 25-30 Technical characteristics: Charge materials : MS,D,DD,EDD Stack height :2650 mm(max) Estimated coil dia : 1600(max) Charge temperature :300 C Annealing temp : 7300 C Bell furnace temp : 9000 C Flow of protective gases: During purging ;14 Nm3/hr During heating :8-10 Nm3/hr During cooling :2 Nm3/hr PROTECTIVE GAS PLANT Protective Gas plant is operated for producing Nitrogen in pennar steels ltd. Equipment:- In Pennar steels the Nitrogen gas produces from air by absorption with pure drier and ammonia cracker unit. PLANT CAPACITY :60 N. M3 HR TYPE :PSA 60. 7. 10 + DEOXO/NLPD 60. 7+CU 60. 7+NH3 -10E ANALYSIS :HYDROGEN APPROX 4% BY VOLUME OXYGEN MAX 10 PPM AMMONIA MAX 10-20PPM NITROGEN+RARE GASSES-BALANCE DEW POINT :APPROX 40 C WITH DELIVERY PRESSURE CONSUMPTION : GAS AMMONIA APPROX 1. 8 KG/HR AT MAX VALUES PRESSSURE OF 18 KG/CM2 POWER APPROX :49. 87 KWH/HR COOLING WATER :12. 5 M3/HR TEMP INLET : 300C TEMP OUTLET :400C PRESSURE :2-3 KG/CM2 SKIN PASS The annealed cold rolled strip is very limited in its usage because of the yield point phenomenon. When annealed strip is processed in the dead soft condition, it tends to yield unequally manifesting luder lines or stretcher strains. This is the process manifestation of the break in the stress strain curves. If luder lines are to be avoided, this thing has to be smoothened as shown in the adjacent curve. This is achieved by the process of skin pass where the strip is given a very minor reduction of the order of 1. % max elongation. This makes the strip surface tough but the interior of the strip retains the softness so that when further drawing operations are carried out, the strip forms smoothly without any evidence of luder lines. The other advantages of temper rolling are as follows: ? Providing desired finishes such as matt or bright on the strip surface ? Imparting flatness to the strip ? Breaking up spangles from galvanized strip Skin pass process:- |[pic] | Skin pass is a process of applying a regulated and very low load on the material in the mill it self. The reduction of thickness in skin pass is just below 5% reduction. The skin pass operation is a single pass operation unlike reduction in the rolling mill. The operation is similar to rolling but only one pass from pay off reel to delivery reel is giving with minimum load and with required surface finish work rolls and with proper tension. Anticrimping rolls are used in the skin pass for good shape control and to go flat surface. Surface roughness of the material is measured with the help of surface roughness checking unit i. . ,SURTRONIC-10. After the skin pass a sample is taken from the strip and it is sent to quality assurance department to find out the different properties like UTS,YS,elongation,hardness,drawability and bending. QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT Various mechanical test has to be done on the sample taken from the product(coil) to prove its quality. The various machine ry in use,in QAD are †¢ Vacuum spectroscopy †¢ Rockwell Hardness Machine †¢ Vickers hardness machine †¢ Universal testing machine †¢ Ericsson testing machine †¢ Optical microscope. HARDNESS TEST: Hardness is defines as â€Å"Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, the term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. It is the property of a metal, which gives it the ability to resist being permanently, deformed (bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a load is applied. The greater the hardness of the metal, the greater resistance it has to deformation. There are three types of tests used with accuracy by the metals industry; they are the Brinell hardness test, the Rockwell hardness test, and the Vickers hardness test. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST: The Rockwell Hardness test is a hardness measurement based on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is applied In the Rockwell method of hardness testing, The indenter may either be a steel ball of some specified diameter or a spherical diamond-tipped cone of 120? angle and 0. 2 mm tip radius, called Brale. The type of indenter and the test load determine the hardness scale(A, B, C, etc) A minor load of 10 kg is first applied, which causes an initial penetration and holds the indenter in place. Then, the dial is set to zero and the major load is applied. Upon removal of the major load, the depth reading is taken while the minor load is still on. The hardness number may then be read directly from the scale. SCALES AND VALUES: The different scale used for different materials are tabulated as follows: |Various Rockwell scales[7] | |Scale | VICKERS HARDNESS TEST: Vickers hardness is a measure of the hardness of a material, calculated from the size of an impression produced under load by a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter. Devised in the 1920s by engineers at Vickers, Ltd. , in the United Kingdom, the diamond pyramid hardness test, as it also became known, permitted the establishment of a continuous scale of comparable numbers that accurately reflected the wide range of hardnesses found in steels. The indenter employed in the Vickers test is a square-based pyramid whose opposite sides meet at the apex at an angle of 136?. The diamond is pressed into the surface of the material at loads ranging up to approximately 120 kilograms-force, and the size of the impression (usually no more than 0. 5 mm) is measured with the aid of a calibrated microscope. The Vickers number (HV) is calculated using the following formula: HV = 1. 854(LD2) [pic] with L being the applied load (measured in kilograms-force) and D2 the area of the indentation (measured in square millimetres). The applied load is usually specified when HV is cited. As a result of the latitude in applied loads, Vickers testers is applicable to measuring the hardness of very thin sheets as well as heavy sections. The specimen is taken from the strip and indentation is done by using both vicker and Rockwell and then the values of Vickers and Rockwell is tabulated . TENSILE TEST:- Tensile test is done to know the tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation of the material whether they are in specified limits of the customer tolerances are not. Tensile test values apply to transverse specimen in case of sheets/strips. Strips having a width of 250mm and below shall be tested longitudinally. UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE [pic] PROCEDURE:- Tensile test is widely used to determine strength, ductility, toughness, resilience and several other material properties. A test specimen of rectangular crossection of 20mm width of suitable length is prepared from the material to be tested. During the preparation of the sample to avoid sharp sides by deburring the sample with the help of file, this reduces the chances of failures of specimen at low stress values. After this the specimen is held by suitable means between the two heads of a testing machine and subjected to a progressively increasing tensile load till the specimen fractures. A record of the load acting on the specimen with progressive extension of the specimen is obtained. YIELD STRENGTH:- Most non ferrous materials and high strength steels do not possess a well defined yield point. For these materials the maximum useful strength is the yield strength. The yield strength is the stress at which the material exhibits a specifies limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. This value is usually determined by the â€Å"off-set method†. The value of off-set method is generally between 0. 1 and 0. 2 % of the gauge length. The value of yield strength can be calculate by YS = ((DIVISIONS * LOAD) / (WIDTH * GAUGE)) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. N/sq. mm Here, the divisions are obtained from the graph between stress and strain given by the UTS machine. The experimental values are tabulated. DUCTILITY: The ductility of material is indicated by the amount of deformation i. e. , possible until fracture. This is determined in tension test by two measurements ELONGATION: This is determined by fitting together, after fracture, the parts of the specimen and measuring the distance between the original gauge marks Elongation=(Lf-Lo)/ LoX100 Where Lf-Final gauge length Lo- Original gauge length In reporting percentage elongation, the Original gauge length must be specified since the percentage elongation will vary with gauge length Elongation is carried out in UTS machine and the values are obtaines in either 50 GL 80 GL. The experimental values are tabulated: ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH: The value of ultimate tensile strength gives the maximum stress that the strip can with stand before fracture and this value can be calculated by the graph obtained from the universal testing machine. The graph plotted in between the load applies and strain. UTS = (LOAD/(WIDTH * GAUGE)) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. N/sq. mm EXPERIMENTAL DATA Mechanical Properties: | |S/P ID |MIDDLE |S/P OD | |COIL NO |83215-A |83215-A |83215-A | |SIZE |492 X 1. 8 |492 X 1. |492 X 1. 8 | |QUALITY |D |D |D | |SPECIFICATION |S/P (ID) |CTL (M) |S/P (OD) | |GAUGE |2. 0 |1. 8 |1. 78 | |WIDTH |20. |20. 2 |20. 3 | |LOAD |14000N |10206N |12370N | |UTS |348. 25N/sq. mm |320. 72N/sq. mm |342. 37N/sq. mm | |HRB |59 |57 |57 | |YS |250. 7N/sq. mm | |271. 25N/sq. mm | |ELONGATION | | | | |80GL |41 |40 |38 | |50GL |47 |46 |44 | |S/P ID |MIDDLE |S/P OD | |COIL NO |83312-A |83312-A |83312-A | |SIZE |408 X 1. 2 |408 X 1. 2 |408 X 1. | |QUALITY |EDD |EDD |EDD | |SPECIFICATION |S/P (ID) |CTL (M) |S/P (OD) | |GAUGE |2. 4 |1. 22 |1. 29 | |WIDTH |20. 2 |20. 3 |20. | |LOAD |14000N |6870N |7470N | |UTS |288. 77N/sq. mm |277. 39N/sq. mm |285. 25N/sq. mm | |VPN/RHN |75 |42/43 |44/45 | |YS |235. 14N/sq. mm |214. 81N/sq. mm |265. 14N/sq. m | |ELONGATION | | | | |80GL |40 |41 |41 | |50GL |46 |47 |47 | COLD ROLLED SLITTING The width of the coil at the time of HR Slitting is planned such that the width at which the material is rolled will be generally in multiples of the requirements. Also at the time of rolling the edges of the sheet will be damaged. So in order to remove the spoiled edges the cold roll slitting is done. The slitting of the coil is done according to work order. The main purpose of slitting is to ensure that:- 1. width is always as per the W. O requirements and the properties are also ensured 2. sufrace of the strips on both sides is to be ensured as free from defects such as rust, pits, holes,scales,dents,unslit edges, laminations,patches,scratches,scoring and other defects which disturbs the end products 3. hape,cambers and other requirements has given in the W. O are totally ensured. 4. Rust preventive oil is applied uniformly on all sheets or wraps. PROCESS: The coils are placed on the coil car by EOT cranes. The coil mandrel is expanded to grip the coil and binding strap is cut. The uncoiler is inched by the inched drive and the load end is separated from the coil. The load end is taken to the entry pinch roll, hold down roll is lifted and fu rther threading is done by jogging pinch roll drive. [pic] | Side guide is adjusted to the correct width. The slitter drive is jogged and load end is passed ahead of the slitter. The loop pit table is transverse over the pit by jogging slitter. The slit stands are taken to drag wise over the loop pit table which is separated and threaded to recoiler. The slit stands are passed properly in the rewind mandrel. The drag vice is closed and few wraps are taken by jogging and the recoiled is under low tension. The scrap is threaded to scrap winder and initially winding is done by jogging the drive. The machine can be run at a required speed The CRS machine is chosen as per the specifications of the machine for which the gauge of the sheet forms the important criteria. The specifications of different CRS machines are as follows: CRS I: MAKE : M/S DAS NAGAR, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 0. 25 to 6mm max ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm MAX COIL WT : 10MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 20mm to 710mm NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : +/- 0. 15 ID : 400/500mm OD : 1800mm CRS II: MAKE : M/S BOMBAY CRANES PVT. LTD, MUMBAI SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 100mm to 7. 2mm max ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm MAX COIL WT : 10MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 20mm to 710mm max NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : +/- 0. 15 ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm CRS III: MAKE : LYKA INDUSTRIES, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 0. 3 to 1. 2mm ID : 400(500mm) OD : 1600mm MAX COIL WT : 2MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 6mm to 250mm ID : 400(500mm) OD : 1500mm NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : + / – 0. 15 CUT TO LENGTH After slitting of CR coils in slitters into required sheet form, it will taken into the C. T. L Units. The coil is fed through leveler and copped to the length required by the customer. The length, width, thickness, quality and the visible defects are checked by the quality department persons. The finished sheets and strips shall be free from harmful defects, such as scale, rust, blisters, laminations, pitting, porosity, cracks or torn edges or any other defects which are harmful to the intended use. The degree or amount of surfaces defects in a coil may be expected to be more than in cut length because of the impossibility of rejecting portions of the coil. This shall be taken into account by the purchaser in his assessment of the material. An excessive amount of defects may lead to the rejection of lot. The sheets shall be reasonably flat and edges cleanly sheared and squared to the specified dimensions. The CTL machine is selected according to the work order i. e. the gauge and size required. The specifications of the machines are: CTL I: MAKE : TATA DAVY LTD. , KOLKATTA MIN WIDTH : 30mm THICKNESS : 0. 4mm LENGTH : 340mm I/P COIL ID : 400/500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 685mm THICKNESS : 3. 1mm LENGTH : 3000mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm CTL II: MIN WIDTH : 30mm THICKNESS : 2. 0mm LENGTH : 400mm I/P COIL ID : 400/500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 720mm THICKNESS : 6. 5mm LENGTH : 3500mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm CTL III: MAKE : M/S GODREJ, MUMBAI MIN WIDTH : 70mm THICKNESS : 0. 2mm LENGTH : 450mm I/P COIL ID : 500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 720mm THICKNESS : 1. 6mm LENGTH : 4500mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm DESPATCH Sheets and strips shall be supplied in coils or bundles of cut length or in packages each weighing not more than three tones as may be agreed the purchaser and the supplier. Sheets and strips shall be packed in water proof paper or polythene lined Hessian and securely tied around with hoop iron. A number of coils may be bundled with wooden patterns in between or may be packed in wooden boxes. Strips may also be packed with separate thin metallic sheets wrapped around and with bands of hoop iron. ———————– PICKLING HR SLITTING INSPECTION RAW MATERIAL ROLLING ANNEALING SKIN PASS MATERIAL TESTING CR SLITTING CUT TO LENGTH PACKING DESPATCH How to cite Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil, Papers