Healthcare Technology and Big Data

Healthcare Technology and Big Data Introduction As technology advances, medical devices are able to record increasing amounts of information. These devices are also becoming much more assessable to consumers than in the past. In Adam Tanner’s article â€Å"Health Entrepreneur Debates Going To Data’s Dark Side,† he discusses the company Safe Heart. Safe Heart is developing medical devices for consumer use. These devices are able to measure values like blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and perfusion index. Being able to collect these massive amounts of data, places these devices in the realm of big data. Although the topic of big data imposes its own issues, the medical nature of the data creates an additional set of important issues. Safe Heart is not the first organization to develop devices that collect â€Å"big† quantities of data. In recent years, many organizations have begun to capture and use large quantities of medical data. Hospitals, credit agencies and researchers have all started to use medical data to the advantage of either the patient or their own corporation. With all the data being captured, there are legal and ethical issues that become apparent. Main Issues The most prominent issue related to big healthcare technology data is a legal one. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), protects health data that is transmitted by a certain groups and organizations [1]. It states that consent must be obtained from the patient to distribute any information to a third party. The organizations included are health plans, health care clearinghouses, and some health care providers [1]. This would mean that non-health organizations transmitting health information would not be subject to HIPAA. The previously mentioned organization Safe Heart, would not be subject to HIPAA because they are not an organization covered by the act. Safe Heart would be able to transmit data in a variety of ways and not be limited by the restrictions of HIPAA. Another act that has the power to govern patient data, but is not optimized for current technologies, is the Privacy Act [1]. The Privacy Act protects data that is distributed by the federal gov ernment. To distribute data, the government must remove personally identifying information from the records [1]. After the information is removed, this allows the government to distribute massive amounts of civilian health data publically. As long as explicitly identifying attributes like name and address have been removed, the Privacy Act does not limit how much, or where the data can be distributed. There are few bounds on what the government can do, making this a pressing legal issue. Big data also imposes several ethical issues on healthcare technology. Even though health agencies may anonymize data in accordance with the Privacy Act, it is still possible to associate the data back to the individual. The Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission released a dataset in the 1990s, and they assured the public that the data had been completely anonymized. A graduate student at the time combined this dataset with voting data and was able to associate medical data back to the correct patient. Shortly after this, it was shown that an American can be identified with only their zip code, birthdate and sex [2]. This imposes a myriad of issues on medical technology companies like Safe Heart. If a released dataset is not properly anonymized, the large amounts of data collected by the devices can be associated back to the patients. This also has powerful ethical implications when considering the results of a study done by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. This organization stud ied a collection of mobile health and fitness applications for both iOS and Android operating systems. The study found that many of the applications transmitted data, without user notification, to third parties. The data transmitted included items like latitude, longitude, and zip code data [3]. Since many of the developers were not medical entities, the data sharing is not limited. The medical data can be used for marketing of products and can be sold to third parties for other uses. This is a large invasion of user privacy and creates one more way to link consumers to their already existing medical data that has been â€Å"anonymized.† Major Stakeholders The winners here are largely marketing and advertising agencies. After buying a, or using a publically available, dataset marketers can use the few remaining pieces of identifying information like location, age and gender to target specific consumers. With improved consumer targeting, marketing and advertising agencies can increase their revenue and further their own product line. The consumers are also winners depending on how their data is handled. If the data is handled correctly, the profits from the distribution of the data would allow companies, like SafeHeart, to subsidize the cost of the medical devices [4]. Subsidized devices would allow medical technological companies to reach a broader demographic, providing increased public benefit. The data gathered by the consumer medical devices can also be used to enhance medical research providing additional benefit to the consumers [5]. Finally, the collection of data can benefit consumers because it enables improved tracking of dis eases among an entire population [6]. If diseases can be detected faster, a large portion of the public would benefit. Although consumers can reap a large number of benefits from big data in healthcare, they are losers as well. There will be many consumers who do not want their data to be affiliated with marketing or advertising agencies. To these consumers, this is viewed as an extreme invasion of privacy. In addition to the undesired sharing, these users may be subject to the re-identification process. Even though the shared medical data contains few identifying attributes, the remaining information can be used to associate the original consumer with the appropriate medical record [2]. This too in an invasion of the consumer’s privacy, contrary to many of their desires. After consumers, some medical technology entities are also losers. For companies like Safe Heart, the profit from released datasets would reduce costs to the consumer. As a medical company, improving the public’s health is one of their primary missions. The potential that consumers may be re-identified, or targeted by marketing, with the data discourages release. The apprehension to release data limits data available to researchers making them losers as well. If data were released, researchers would be able to expedite research and provide solutions to prevalent health problems [5]. Consumers may resent the release of their data, but those trying to benefit them can produce worthwhile returns. Summary Advances in healthcare technology have also given birth to an increase in the amount of big data created by medical devices. Medical big data creates a unique set of legal and ethical issues that companies like Safe Heart must, and are, considering. Legally, acts like HIPAA and the Privacy Act do not sufficiently protect the data of patients. Data can move considerably freely and it is not always transferred in a completely anonymous state. It has been shown that organizations are not handling the data in an ethical manner. The release and negligent handling of the data completely invades the privacy of the patient. For marketers, this aids when trying to increase revenue. Due to many of these issues, companies have started to limit what data they share when medical devices generate it. Without accessible data sets, progress of researchers is slowed and the standard of care for the public falls. Both the benefits and risks must be considered when medical big data is involved. Conclusions Health devices transmitting big data are already involved in our lives. It is a serious legal issue that HIPAA and the Privacy Act do not govern our health data properly. It is critical that our laws catch up with this rapidly developing technology. A reasonable person may argue that health data should be completely restricted and there should be no transmission, or distribution, at all. It is true that data laws need to be revisited and improved, but complete restriction would be an extreme waste of the potential that medical big data stores. After the laws have been optimized for the technology, the data has the ability to improve health care throughout the nation. Big data can be extremely useful for entities like hospitals. Using patient data, hospitals can monitor a patient’s condition and know more quickly when they are due to worsen [7]. Advanced algorithms can also predict and help to prevent conditions like renal failure, infections, and negative reactions to drugs [7 ]. When physicians are combined with big data indicators, more patients can be helped and conditions can be monitored more reliably than in the past. In conclusion, I think that big data in healthcare should be embraced, but not before we strengthen the laws governing it. References [1] Kalyvas, James R. and Overly, Michael R. Big Data: A Business and Legal Guide. Auerbach Publications. 55-58. [2] Anderson, Nate. â€Å"Anonymized† data really isn’t—and here’s why not. 9/8/09. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/09/your-secrets-live-online-in-databases-of-ruin/ [3] Njie, Craig Michael Lie. Technical Analysis of the Data Practices and Privacy Risks of 43 Popular Mobile Health and Fitness Applications. 7/15/2013 http://www.privacyrights.org/mobile-medical-apps-privacy-technologist-research-report.pdf. [4] Tanner, Adam. Health Entrepreneur Debates Going To Datas Dark Side. 9/16/14 http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamtanner/2014/09/16/health-entrepreneur-debates-going-to-datas-dark-side/ [5] Standen, Amy. How Big Data Is Changing Medicine. 9/29/14. http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/how-big-data-is-changing-medicine/ [6] Schmarzo, Bill. Big Data Technologies and Advancements in Healthcare. 3/25/14. https://infocus.emc.com/william_schmarzo/big-data-technologies-and-advancements-in-healthcare/

Consumerism & marketing Essay

The difference between needing and wanting has changed. In the past people bought products because they needed them; however by time, wanting has become the new needing. Purchasing â€Å"new goods and services with little attention to their true need, products origin, durability or the environmental consequences of manufacture and disposal† has become the new way of consuming. We do not consider why we are buying a certain product or a certain service because we feel that we need it. From a producing world we have shifted into a consumerist world. It is not about the culture, nor the tendencies of personality. With globalization and marketing people have forgotten what it is to buy what you need instead of what you think you need. The goal of marketers both local and international is to come up with marketing strategies through researches that would draw more customers to consume their services and products. According to Marken (n. d), â€Å"Consumerism has changed the rules of the game and produced the need for new strategies. By using the new rules to your advantage, you’re sure to end up on the winning side. † Marketing has taken over everything. Companies that had failed to develop effective marketing strategies end up losing to more successful businesses. To be able to construct a marketing strategy that will be helpful in their undertaking, they have to bear in mind the needs and wants of their target market. In a global context, more extensive researches are conducted to satisfy the needs of the market. It is not only the companies that have to adapt. Consumers also adapt to the changes in the market by responding to the offers. Consciously or not, the consumers had been manipulated to want the newest products in the hope that they will have a better life. Marketing has raised consumerism to what it is now, and has affected every one–male, female and even young kids. People in this country acquire goods even just for the sake of acquiring goods. This culture of consumerism, many people claim, will lead to the demise of the American society – both as they use up limited resources and abuse the capacities of their minds and body. But no matter how needed a change in the pattern of lifestyle and values may be, such will not easily take place. Consumerism is a historical phenomenon, its dynamics embedded with a number of social factors and historical events. In fact, it is social development in American society, both materially and ideologically, that gave rise to consumerism. The 1920s is usually identified as the dawn of consumerism. By this time, the industrial revolution had reached its fruitful stage, and mass production, mass distribution, and thus mass consumption are easily imagined and implemented. Indeed, that was what the owners of large industries and corporations set out to achieve. In order to do these, they designed new systems to control the full processes of production from the raw materials to the finished product. Together with the material reality that faced America in the 1920s was the marketing tool found in psychology. Advertisement campaigns are the core of this decade, shaping the mentality into one, which seek fulfillment in consumption and glorified it. The public was enticed to buy for the sake of buying more than anything else. The advertisements offered whatever one needed, wanted or just lacked. Perhaps there can be no clearer situation that demonstrated the power of advertising than during World War II. Even at a time when the nation was actually being frugal, living with recycling and rationing, advertisers worked hard to maintain the same level of consumerism. During the World War II, Americans supported their government by helping the nation economize, either by growing food in their own garden or by recycling resources for other productions. During the war even though there was not much to sell or not much available sources to buy anything, advertisers would still work on their campaigns. As everyone waited for the war to end, there came the excitement after the war. As the war ended, people were ready to forget and get back to their lives as consumers. New products were introduced during this era like aerosol spray cans or nylon. Such new products caught the attention of the consumer and created a cycle; newer products increased the willingness to buy more. One important factor that facilitated the continuity of consumerism well into the middle of the 20th century was the strategic targeting of women as main consumers. When the war ended, the family became a central part of society again, and women were pushed once more into the homes to become the dutiful wife and mother, integral to rebuilding a healthy and thriving society. The domestic role that woman had for years, and the baby boom after the war were great reasons to create new products and reasons to buy them. The increase in pregnancies and births after the war resulted in the focus of advertisers and producers. New baby products from toys to food, from clothes to books were introduced to the market. And mothers were pressured to have the best and be role models. With men as the ones who earned, women were the one who spent the money; and they spent it according to their role against men. Aside from consuming products for becoming the ideal mothers were the products for being the ideal wife and ideal housekeeper or the ideal woman. Since the early 1920’s consumerism has shifted with the help of marketing and mass production. Women who bought only their necessary needs, like cloths to make their own clothing, or meat that would be enough for the day for the whole family, went into buying the brand that stood ahead. Instead of making clothes for themselves, or having it made for them, people started to buy mass produced clothes from stores. As the quantity of items displayed in stores increased, the competition began. And there came the marketing department. The distinctions of branding, the ad campaigns, the photo shoots and the change in the concepts of beauty, need, and want are all what advertisers and marketers did. Changing one’s perception is not easy, but it is done everyday. Women who were just wives or mothers were now woman standing against their husbands or fathers. They had the opportunity to relieve themselves from their duties and add a little for their own. Now they had the opportunity to buy what they wanted or thought they needed. They had choices for kitchen appliances or furniture designs. Each magazine they bought had suggestions for fashion, make-up and hair, or for their family members. And each suggestion had one thing in common, the fact that it has to be purchased.

What is a Good Math SAT Subject Test Score in 2019

The majority of colleges and universities that require their applicants to submit SAT Subject Test scores are highly selective, and most will want to see SAT Math Subject Test scores of 700 or higher. While some schools will admit students with lower scores, the top science and engineering universities such as MIT and Caltech look for scores well over 700. SAT Math Subject Test Statistics A total of 139,163 students from the 2017-2019 graduating classes took the Math Level 1  exam and 426,033 students took the Math Level 2 exam. The mean score for the Math Level 1 exam was 610 and the mean score on Math Level 2 was 698. Subject test scores tend to be higher than general SAT scores—the average general math score of 2018 graduates was 531. The reason for this is that the SAT Subject Tests are optional and usually only taken by high-performing students applying to competitive colleges. Overall scores are a more accurate representation of all who take the SAT while Subject Test scores assess students whose academic performance is regularly above national averages. Percentile Ranking The table below shows the approximate percentile rankings of SAT Math Subject Test scores. Scores between the two math tests vary considerably because the Math 2 Test covers more sophisticated material. Students who have taken advanced mathematics courses through high school are usually the highest performers and take the Math 2 Test as it is the most appropriate for their skill level. In other words, the students who are strongest in math take the Math 2 Test. Math Subject Test Percentile Rankings Percentile Math Level 1 Score Math Level 2 Score 1 340 420 10 460 565 25 540 635 50 630 725 75 705 790 99 800 800 A table showing the approximate percentile rankings of SAT Math Subject Test scores. What Colleges Say About the Math SAT Subject Test Most universities do not make their SAT Subject Test admissions data available to the public for a number of reasons, but you can still get a general sense of what theyre looking for by comparing averages and scores from the past. Elite colleges often require Math Subject Test scores in the 700s and prefer that applicants take Test 2 rather than Test 1. The following list gives the Math Subject Test score averages for some of the nations best schools. MIT: Students in the 50th percentile scored between 790 and 800 on the Math Subject Tests. The scores of students at other elite engineering schools look much the same.Liberal Arts Colleges: Scores are well above average but slightly lower than those of MIT. Middlebury College has stated that they are accustomed to seeing scores in the low to middle 700s and  about two-thirds of students admitted to Williams College scored 700 or higher.Ivy League: At Princeton University, the middle 50 percent of applicants scored between 710 and 790 on their three highest SAT Subject Tests. Other Ivy League schools are similar.UCLA: Scores for the middle 50 usually fall within 640 and 740 in Math. The most selective colleges might consider a score below 700 on either Math Subject Test to be too low. The majority of successful applicants to these colleges as of 2019 received mid-to-high 700s on their Math Subject Tests. However, these schools have holistic admissions processes that look for academically well-rounded individuals, not just those that performed in the top percentiles of Subject Tests. They will analyze your performance outside of the SAT, so less than ideal scores in one area will probably not ruin your chances of getting in. SAT Subject Test Scores for College Credit Colleges are more likely to assign credit for the AP Calculus AB exam or AP Calculus BC exam than for the SAT Math Subject Test, but that doesnt mean that it isnt possible to cash your SAT Subject Test score in for credit. Some colleges grant course credit for the SAT Math Subject Test and may even use your score in place of a math placement exam to determine your mathematics trajectory at their school. Research the policies of your desired college to find out whether you qualify for either type of consideration. In general, though, colleges request Subject Test scores to provide them with data about an applicants college preparedness, not to determine whether students should bypass introductory courses.

Climate Change And Urban Areas Essay - 949 Words

Change in climate is becoming a major concern on a global scale, as it has had a tremendous impact on the urban environment. Climate change is the change in global or regional climate patterns, [†¦] attributed to increased level of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases .’ (The Oxford Dictionary 2015). The increasing amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) released in the atmosphere is causing significant changes in the environment leading to unpredictable weather patterns and warming of the climate system. This is putting a great pressure on city development and infrastructures. This essay outlines three problems caused by climate change in urban areas, and evaluates the effectiveness of some of the mitigation and adaptation strategies. It reasons that mitigation and adaptation strategies need to work in synergy in order to address the situation effectively. The three problems caused by climate change are; rise in sea level, varied energy demand, and water scarcity. Firstly, the impact on costal areas contributing to sea level rise has made low-lying cities vulnerable. Hunt and Watkiss (2011, p. 32) estimates that 50 m rise in sea level would render Mumbai’s ‘informal’ communities in despair. Moreover, climate change will lead to variation in energy demand. Hunt and Watkiss (2011, p. 33) explain even though winter heating will decrease due to warmer weather, cooling is anticipated to increase in the summer, increasing GHG emissions. Miller et al. (2007, cited inShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Climate Change On Urban Areas871 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of the total population lives in urban areas (UN-Habitat 2009 p. xxii). Growing urbanization has led to many consequences on the environment. As a result, many cities face detrimental effects as the climate is becoming unfavourable daily. 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Human-induced problems identified during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (requested by the United Nations) revealed environmental degradation and unsustainable use of 60% of ecosystem services (e.g., air and water purification, capture fisheries, pests, etc.), as well as, resultant non-linear changes in ecosystems such as emergence of coastal

Disputes between Texas Rangers and Mexicans - 624 Words

In the late 1800 there were many problems going on, on the border of Mexico and Texas between the Texas rangers and the Mexicans. The disputes between the Texas Rangers and Mexicans caused many people to die for no reason. The Texas rangers patrolled the border to stop from anybody going pass the border or anything that looked suspicious for them. The reason there were so many for why there were problems on the border but, the main reason was that no one wanted to stop the Texas rangers because everyone was scared of them. During the time of all the problems on the border many Mexicans were dying because of the Texas rangers because they killed on sight if you looked suspicious of any kind of criminal activity. The Texas rangers would do anything they wanted they would steel, and kill because no one could stop them because they were the high power. The Mexicans were treated horrible during that time they would kill them for no reason, treat them horrible, and when they would kill them they would hang them or any other crude way. The Texas rangers had a lot of hatred towards the tejanos so they went by the shoot first rule. The tejano kids had to go to separate schools because there was segregated schools. Whites had there on schools and tejanos went to a different school. (p80 Carnes). A very big person during this time was pancho villa a guerrilla leader that would attack Americans to create havoc for the Mexican president. Many Mexican ranchersShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of The Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty1009 Words   |  5 Pagestreaty (1848) led to an enormous increase of land for United States. Previous disputes that included the desire to annex Texas into Mexico was ultimately resolved through the passing of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty of 1848. 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Brain death determination Free Essays

Brain Death Determination When the brain has a lack of oxygen, even for a few minutes, it could lead to loss of brain functions such as a gradual loss level of consciousness or a complete loss of consciousness causing the person to slip into a coma. In the most profound cases, irreversible brain damage and death occurs. Oxygen deficiency can by caused by many things, such as; a brain injury, fall from height, traffic accidents, heart failure, stroke or some neurological disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain death determination or any similar topic only for you Order Now That may cause irreversible loss of the brain cells performance. The medical term for insufficient oxygenation to the brain is referral Anglia. Historically, before recent technology the scientists defined death only when the heartbeat and breathing stopped. Afterward, the idea of brain death was announced in 1959 by French neurologists’ Moldable and Gluon. They determined this state as â€Å"beyond coma† (D*mice et al. , 2004). Then after around ten years, within the medical community the development of many types of equipment became available which aided in increasing the longevity of individuals with serious injuries to the brain. Some examples of these devices are ventilators to maintain respiration and heart monitors. These innovations in medicine made the concept of brain death clearer by closely showing the relationship between the respirations or heartbeat and brain. These innovations in the medical field guided the Harvard Medical School Committee to clarify that idea in 1968 (Sass, 2014). After that, it was medically defined as permanent loss of all brain functions, including cerebrum and brain stem due to total death of brain neurons that is caused by decrease of blood flow and oxygenation into the brain (ibid). This essay will discuss the main brain regions that have immediate cause of brain death and their functions, including the required tests of these regions, both clinical and confirmatory, for instance, the Electroencephalogram. The brain carries two major parts, cerebrum and brain stem. When they have any cause of damaged that might be a final result in brain death. Each one has primary roles in a person’s life, because they are responsible for the main operations in human survival, especially the regulation of cardiac and respiratory functions. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and divided into two hemispheres (Fall Bergman, 1998). There are main functions for he brain cerebrum without them no human can live. It is important to be concerned with functional specialization of different regions of the cerebrum to guide the treatment of the physician and assists them in making the right diagnosis. The cerebrum has a large primary sensory area, which is responsible for general sensation, for example, smell, vision, and hearing. The motor area is responsible for controlling the skeletal muscles, and the association area of the cortex has operations similar to the sensory areas but more complicated such as behavior, communication and intellect (ibid). Secondly, the brain stem is located in the posterior division of the brain and connected to the spinal cord. Beside that it includes three significant parts; medulla obbligato, pens and mandarin. Each one controls principal performance and it is the pathway of sending and receiving sensory information signals from the body to the brain. It has other important functions that have a major affect on a person such as regulation of the respiratory system, consciousness, alertness and awareness (Kiering Barr, 2009). In general, both cerebrum and brain stem damage may end a arson’s life because they contain all the regulation centers for all of the most critical functions that are needed to sustain life. There are many criteria to diagnose brain death. Each country has their organization, but there are general rules and guidelines in determining brain death for patients worldwide. There are important tools to consider when deciding whether the patient is dead or not, before the process of diagnosis of death by the criteria. The first tool is a person who is approaching the protocol of brain death qualified? For example, an ICC physician, an anesthesiologist, an internist, a neurosurgeon or a neuron physician are allowed and qualified to perform the tests because they have studied and trained to diagnose brain death, but a dermatologist or an ophthalmologist they have not done training on that. Although, they need to know the state of the patient and must be in a coma with ventilator support and the cause of their comatose condition must be rolled out, for instance, Head trauma, Cardiovascular hemorrhage, cerebral Anglia or primary brain tumor. Next, the cause of brain damage must be clarified six hours before tarring brain functions evaluation. Finally, the patient should not be hypothermia and body temperature has to be above 34 C or 32 C in some countries protocol and the person should not be under sedatives, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant†¦ Etc Drugs for at least the previous five days. When these tools completed correctly the physician can start the diagnosis in following exam steps. The first clinical examination is to confirm that the patient is in a coma and to make sure a patient is not having any seizure activity in the brain. Furthermore, the physician needs to test he absence of motor response by painful stimulation for both hands and feet. It is required to do these evaluation exams on the standard method before starting the brain stem reflexes test because each exam depends on the previous one to give correct final result. Once the physician has done from the previous evaluation he will start the brain stem reflexes tests, which called the first clinical examination. These are five different exams and begin with papillary response. The light stimulation to test the pupil response by bright beam of light on both eyes, for example, a pen alights. Also, corneal reflex is involuntary blinking and has to be tested via a wisp of cotton wool to touch the cornea. Thirdly, cool-cephalic reflex it does perform by moving the head to a different direction and monitor the retina changes during the head movements. Fourthly, vestibule-ocular reflex this another test to activated eye movements by injecting both ears about 50 ml of ice-cold water or saline for adult, but children, less than 20 ml may be used. After all, upper and lower airways stimulation is produce either gagging or coughing. Furthermore, this exam’s purpose or provoke the pharynx and trachea. For instance, using catheter leads down to reach into the pharynx and the trachea (Saudi center of organ transplantation, 2009). Accordingly, all those brain stem tests should result an absent responses to declare brain stem death. After finalization of the first examination, it’s recommended to not start the second clinical test before 6 hours from the time of first exam end for an adult and after 12 hours for children (above 1 year),24 hours for infants (above 60 days-I year) and 48 hours for neonate (7 days-60 days). Therefore to have enough mime to perform the confirmatory tests, such as Electroencephalogram (EGG) which is a machine that has 21 electrodes connected to the skull to cover all the brain regions and measures the electrical activity of the brain (ibid). In fact, the EGG and other confirmatory tests are optional in some countries but it is often helpful for the physician to prove that the brain is permanently damaged by having more than one test that confirms his diagnosis and prognosis. The next clinical exam is apneas; it is done to indicate the failure of involuntary respiration. This exam has a specific rotator to perform it, such as an increase the inspired fraction of oxygen without changing the ventilation rate, disconnect the patient from the ventilator for 10 minutes and supply a continuous flow of humidified air. These procedures are done to detect if there is any attempt for the patient to breathe (ibid). Another test that is sensitive in analyzing the circulation in the brain is transitional Doppler (ETC) this examination detects the velocity of the blood that’s circulating in the blood vessels supplying oxygen-rich blood to the brain. It uses ultrasonic waves that are focused onto a beam that is directed at different depths and angles by an experienced operator. The technologist uses sites on the skull where the bone is relatively thin and relatively close to the major vessels whose blood flow velocities are critical. One major vessel that supplies the brain is the Middle Cerebral Artery (MAC). When the blood flow circulation is compromised to the extent that survivability is not possible the ETC shows reverberating waveforms as the blood ceases to flow in it’s normal direction and instead is ineffectually regurgitating back and forth without flow in espouse to the heart contraction. Later there are systolic spikes that indicate some increased pressure in the vessel with heart contraction but without effective flowing of blood through the vessel. The last signal that is compatible with brain death is a loss of signal entirely indicating no activity in the vessel and no recordable blood flow in the critical vessels of the brain. In conclusion, the concept of brain death has developed with period of the medical field improvements. The absence of a rich uninterrupted supply of oxygen is imperative to supply the brain and maintain unconsciousness and provide for the populations of neurons to continue to function properly. Trauma, disorders and diseases which impair circulation in the cerebral cortex and brain stem bring about a cascading assortment of symptoms that if not reversed results in death. The protocols and guidelines for brain death determination have been established for the safety of the patient to distinguish between patients who have suffered a life-threatening insult, but who may recover and those unfortunate individuals in whom there is no hope for recovery. How to cite Brain death determination, Papers

Boyz N The Hood Essay Example For Students

Boyz N The Hood Essay MOVING BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES: HOW THE USE OF MUSICDEVELOPS JOHN SINGLETONSBOYZ N THE HOODJohn Singletons movie Boyz N The Hood is the story of three young men who are forced to deal with the reality of life in South Central, Los Angeles. Singleton uses this setting to illustrate the obstacles facing these young black men who unavoidably encounter violence all around them. Singleton refrains from portraying his characters as inner-city misfits but instead he characterizes them as average American teenagers who are caught in a situation in which they have no control. Doughboy is an average American teenager but his behavior is not that of an average teenager. It is a result of the influence from the society he has experienced. The music used throughout the movie allows the film to move beyond the boundaries of just telling a story. Through the use of music in the film Singleton is able to accentuate significant situations and display the contrast between characters. The use of music in Boyz N The Hood allows Singleton to thematically advance the film. Singleton magnifies significant situations through the use of music. With each song, the choice of instruments and lyrics creates an emotional response by the viewer which gives the scene a new dimension. The main instrument in the movie is the wailing saxophone. When the saxophone is played it allows for the intensity of the scene to build to its climax. The saxophone is utilized in the scenes in which a person breaks into Furiouss house and when Ricky is shot. The saxophone is always present when violence is going to take place. The other type of instrumental music that is used is a soft, slow sound which creates a feeling of relaxation and tenderness. This type of music is used when Tre is receiving a lesson from one of his parents. The soft music played during these moments illustrates his parents loving nature and the concern they both have about his future. By utilizing this symbolic background music, Singleto n expresses to the audience that the parents feelings are authentic. Many scenes are emphasized through the lyrics of the music. When Tre is in the car with his father the lyrics Things are gonna get easier can be heard in the background. These lyrics convey the message that things will get easier for Tre now that hes living with his father and that his father has the opportunity to teach Tre how to become a man, which is what Tres mother anticipated. Singletons selective use of music enables him to empathize certain situations and add a new dimension to them. The differences between characters is established through the diverse styles of music. The differences between each character is regarding age, lifestyle, and future aspirations. The music connected with Tre and his friends when they are young is soft instrumental music and soul music. Soft instrumental music and soul music displays the innocence of childhood and the potential for a child to be successful in life. Rap music is introduced when Tre and his friends mature seven years. The rap music is a sharp contrast to the music of their childhood. The lyrics of the rap music deal with drugs and violence. This is associated with the harsh reality of living in South Central, Los Angeles. The choice of lifestyle for the characters in Boyz N The Hood divides the characters into two distinct groups: upper and lower class. An example of this class distinction is demonstrated when Furious is on the phone with Tres mother. The music playing in the background for Furious is soul music, which is associated with blue-collar, lower class society. Whereas Tres mother has a piano playing in the background, which displays her place in upper class society. These two distinct styles of music illustrate how music separates the two different classes of people in Boyz N The Hood. The future aspirations of the teenagers in the movie further divides the characters. Tre and Ricky look to the future in search of a way to escape the violence in the hood and a way to create a better life for themselves. At the other end of the spectrum is Doughboy and his friends who live on the street and choose not to look to the future. When Tre and Ricky are writing the S.A.Ts, a soft instrumental is played which affirms the positive choices they have made and the hope for their future. The antithesis to this scene is later when Doughboy and his friends are on the porch drinking while in the background rap music is being played. The lyrics of the rap music describe drugs and violence. This demonstrates the path in life that these characters have chosen. Doughboy and his friends have chosen to neglect the inevitability of the future and instead waste their lives. They have been consumed by the violence and drugs of the society they live in and they dont know how to escape this lifestyle. Singleton is able to present a different perception of each character to the viewer through the diverse styles of music that are used t hroughout the film. In Boyz N The Hood John Singleton uses music to accentuate significant situations and to display the contrast present in each character. By using music in this context, Singleton enables the music itself to work as a vehicle for the film. Through the use of music Singleton is able to clearly develop each character and demonstrate apparent similarities and contrasts between characters. He enables the film to illustrate the problems that young black men face when they are surrounded by a society that doesnt allow for them to live the life of the average teenager but instead confronts them with a life in which violence is everywhere they turn. .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 , .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .postImageUrl , .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 , .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:hover , .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:visited , .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:active { border:0!important; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:active , .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7 .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd790ce9f658fd06ce997cdbee4f5cb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Favorite Activity Essay We will write a custom essay on Boyz N The Hood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now